brainstorming is a group creativity technique designed to generate a large number of ideas for the solution of a problem. The method was first popularized in the late 1930s by Alex Faickney Osborn in a book called Applied Imagination. Osborn proposed that groups could double their creative output with brainstorming.[1]
Although brainstorming has become a popular group technique, researchers have not found evidence of its effectiveness for enhancing either quantity or quality of ideas generated. Because of such problems as distraction, social loafing, evaluation apprehension, and production blocking, brainstorming groups are little more effective than other types of groups, and they are actually less effective than individuals working independently.[2][3][4] In the Encyclopedia of Creativity, Tudor Rickards, in his entry on brainstorming, summarizes its controversies and indicates the dangers of conflating productivity in group work with quantity of ideas.[5]
Although traditional brainstorming does not increase the productivity of groups (as measured by the number of ideas generated), it may still provide benefits, such as boosting morale, enhancing work enjoyment, and improving team work. Thus, numerous attempts have been made to improve brainstorming or use more effective variations of the basic technique.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Ground Rules
* 2 Method
o 2.1 Set the problem
o 2.2 Create a background memo
o 2.3 Select participants
o 2.4 Create a list of lead questions
o 2.5 Session conduct
o 2.6 The process
o 2.7 Evaluation
* 3 Variations
o 3.1 Nominal group technique
o 3.2 Group passing technique
o 3.3 Team idea mapping method
o 3.4 Electronic brainstorming
o 3.5 Directed brainstorming
o 3.6 Individual brainstorming
o 3.7 Other variations
* 4 Conclusion
* 5 Controversy over term
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links
[edit] Ground Rules
There are four basic rules in brainstorming.[1] These are intended to reduce social inhibitions among groups members, stimulate idea generation, and increase overall creativity of the group.
1. Focus on quantity: This rule is a means of enhancing divergent production, aiming to facilitate problem solving through the maxim, quantity breeds quality. The assumption is that the greater the number of ideas generated, the greater the chance of producing a radical and effective solution.
2. Withhold criticism: In brainstorming, criticism of ideas generated should be put 'on hold'. Instead, participants should focus on extending or adding to ideas, reserving criticism for a later 'critical stage' of the process. By suspending judgment, participants will feel free to generate unusual ideas.
3. Welcome unusual ideas: To get a good and long list of ideas, unusual ideas are welcomed. They can be generated by looking from new perspectives and suspending assumptions. These new ways of thinking may provide better solutions.
4. Combine and improve ideas: Good ideas may be combined to form a single better good idea, as suggested by the slogan "1+1=3". It is believed to stimulate the building of ideas by a process of association.
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8/19/2009
8/18/2009
Indonesian-made robot wins gold medal in San Francisco
New York (ANTARA News) - A robot made by the Bandung-based Indonesian Computer University (UNIKOM) won a gold medal at the International RoboGames at the Fort Mason Festival Pavilion, San Francisco, California, on Sunday.
The gold medal was presented to Rudy Hartono, a student of UNIKOM, who made the robot dubbed "Robot DU-114."The Robot DU-114 came out as the winner in the international robot competition for the category of open fire-fighting autonomous robots, Andi Rahadian, head of education, social and cultural affairs at the Indonesian consulate general in San Francisco, told ANTARA News on Sunday.
"For this category, 11 teams from different countries took part in the competition. Robot DU-11 was the fastest in putting out a fire," Andi Rahadian said.
In addition to DU-114, Indonesia also presented another robot, Next 116, to participate in the contest, he said.
The RoboGames, the world`s largest robot competition, was held in San Francisco, June 12-14, 2009, and participated in by teams from 20 countries competing in various categories.
The participating countries included Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Egypt, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Mexico, Peru, Russia, South Korea, UK, and the United States.
The Indonesian robot team from UNIKOM was led by Dr. Aelina Surya, assistant to the university`s rector, and the team members would return to Jakarta on Tuesday (June 16).
During their stay in San Francisco, the UNIKOM Robot team visited among other things a robotic laboratory at the University of California (UC) in Berkeley. They discussed the possibility of establishing cooperation between UNIKOM and the University of California in Berkeley.
When visiting the UC in Berkeley, the Indonesian team was received by among others George Anwar, an Indonesian national who held the position of head of UC-Berkeley`s robotic division. (*)
Read More..
The gold medal was presented to Rudy Hartono, a student of UNIKOM, who made the robot dubbed "Robot DU-114."The Robot DU-114 came out as the winner in the international robot competition for the category of open fire-fighting autonomous robots, Andi Rahadian, head of education, social and cultural affairs at the Indonesian consulate general in San Francisco, told ANTARA News on Sunday.
"For this category, 11 teams from different countries took part in the competition. Robot DU-11 was the fastest in putting out a fire," Andi Rahadian said.
In addition to DU-114, Indonesia also presented another robot, Next 116, to participate in the contest, he said.
The RoboGames, the world`s largest robot competition, was held in San Francisco, June 12-14, 2009, and participated in by teams from 20 countries competing in various categories.
The participating countries included Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Egypt, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Mexico, Peru, Russia, South Korea, UK, and the United States.
The Indonesian robot team from UNIKOM was led by Dr. Aelina Surya, assistant to the university`s rector, and the team members would return to Jakarta on Tuesday (June 16).
During their stay in San Francisco, the UNIKOM Robot team visited among other things a robotic laboratory at the University of California (UC) in Berkeley. They discussed the possibility of establishing cooperation between UNIKOM and the University of California in Berkeley.
When visiting the UC in Berkeley, the Indonesian team was received by among others George Anwar, an Indonesian national who held the position of head of UC-Berkeley`s robotic division. (*)
Read More..
8/17/2009
64th independence day of Indonesia
Jakarta - Indonesia on Monday marked its Independence Day amid tight security a week after police said they had foiled a plot to assassinate President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono using a bomb-laden car driven by a suicide attacker. Yudhoyono led a moment of silence for the people who died in the struggle for independence from Dutch colonial rule in a ceremony at the state palace in Jakarta.
Yudhoyono made no speech at the solemn ceremony as tens of millions of people across the world's fourth most populous nation celebrated Independence Day with joyful activities, such as fireworks, neighbourhood contests, parades and dance performances.
Among the most popular games to mark the celebrations is "Panjat Pinang," in which individuals and groups struggle to reach the top of a greased betel nut palm trunk, vying for prizes ranging from new motorcycles to towels and plastic buckets.
In Indonesia's easternmost province, Papua, Independence Day celebrations were marred by the hoisting of a flag belonging to the Free Papua Movement, a separatist group fighting for an independent Papua, the state-run Antara news agency reported.
In Jakarta, security was tight around the presidential palace as thousands of police and soldiers were deployed to safeguard the ceremony there attended by hundreds of guests, including foreign dignitaries and diplomats. Security personnel also closed down several roads around the palace.
After a four-year lull in terrorist attacks, the world's most populous Muslim nation was jolted July 17 by bombings at Jakarta's JW Marriott and Ritz-Carlton hotels, which killed nine people, including two suicide bombers, and injured 53.
In a state-of-the-nation address Friday, Yudhoyono, who was re-elected to a second, five-year term July 8, pledged to defeat terrorism and urged Indonesians to support the government's effort to fight terrorism.
"I would like to reaffirm that the nation must not and will not be defeated by terrorism," Yudhoyono said. "The government that I am leading will run its course to protect serve and improve the welfare of the whole nation."
Police said they had foiled a plot to blow up Yudhoyono's private residence using a suicide truck bomb when officers on August 8 raided a house rented by suspected militants involved in last month's hotel bombings.
Police had intensified the hunt for terrorist suspect Noordin Mohammed Top, one of Asia's most wanted terrorist suspects, accused of masterminding the July 17 bombings.
The Malaysian-born militant managed, however, to elude police in a dramatic raid on a house in Central Java, also on August 8. Contrary to earlier media reports that Noordin has been killed in the raid, DNA test confirmed last week that the man slain in 18 hours of gunfire at the house was a hotel florist named Ibrahim whom police claimed helped plan the hotel bombings.
Noordin, believed to be the leader of a splinter group of the radical Islamist terrorist network Jemaah Islamiah, is also accused of masterminding the 2003 suicide bombing on the same Marriott hotel in Jakarta, which killed 12 people, and the 2004 attack on the Australian embassy in the Indonesian capital, in which 11 people were killed.
Read More..
Yudhoyono made no speech at the solemn ceremony as tens of millions of people across the world's fourth most populous nation celebrated Independence Day with joyful activities, such as fireworks, neighbourhood contests, parades and dance performances.
Among the most popular games to mark the celebrations is "Panjat Pinang," in which individuals and groups struggle to reach the top of a greased betel nut palm trunk, vying for prizes ranging from new motorcycles to towels and plastic buckets.
In Indonesia's easternmost province, Papua, Independence Day celebrations were marred by the hoisting of a flag belonging to the Free Papua Movement, a separatist group fighting for an independent Papua, the state-run Antara news agency reported.
In Jakarta, security was tight around the presidential palace as thousands of police and soldiers were deployed to safeguard the ceremony there attended by hundreds of guests, including foreign dignitaries and diplomats. Security personnel also closed down several roads around the palace.
After a four-year lull in terrorist attacks, the world's most populous Muslim nation was jolted July 17 by bombings at Jakarta's JW Marriott and Ritz-Carlton hotels, which killed nine people, including two suicide bombers, and injured 53.
In a state-of-the-nation address Friday, Yudhoyono, who was re-elected to a second, five-year term July 8, pledged to defeat terrorism and urged Indonesians to support the government's effort to fight terrorism.
"I would like to reaffirm that the nation must not and will not be defeated by terrorism," Yudhoyono said. "The government that I am leading will run its course to protect serve and improve the welfare of the whole nation."
Police said they had foiled a plot to blow up Yudhoyono's private residence using a suicide truck bomb when officers on August 8 raided a house rented by suspected militants involved in last month's hotel bombings.
Police had intensified the hunt for terrorist suspect Noordin Mohammed Top, one of Asia's most wanted terrorist suspects, accused of masterminding the July 17 bombings.
The Malaysian-born militant managed, however, to elude police in a dramatic raid on a house in Central Java, also on August 8. Contrary to earlier media reports that Noordin has been killed in the raid, DNA test confirmed last week that the man slain in 18 hours of gunfire at the house was a hotel florist named Ibrahim whom police claimed helped plan the hotel bombings.
Noordin, believed to be the leader of a splinter group of the radical Islamist terrorist network Jemaah Islamiah, is also accused of masterminding the 2003 suicide bombing on the same Marriott hotel in Jakarta, which killed 12 people, and the 2004 attack on the Australian embassy in the Indonesian capital, in which 11 people were killed.
Read More..
8/13/2009
Industrial engineering
industrial engineering is also known as operations management, management science, systems engineering, or manufacturing engineering; a distinction that seems to depend on the viewpoint or motives of the user. Recruiters or educational establishments use the names to differentiate themselves from others. In healthcare, for example, industrial engineers are more commonly known as management engineers or health systems engineers.
The term "industrial" in industrial engineering can be misleading. While the term originally applied to manufacturing, it has grown to encompass virtually all other industries and services as well. The various topics of concern to industrial engineers include management science, financial engineering, engineering management, supply chain management, process engineering, operations research, systems engineering, ergonomics, value engineering and quality engineering.
Examples of where industrial engineering might be used include designing a new loan system for a bank, streamlining operation and emergency rooms in a hospital, distributing products worldwide (referred to as Supply Chain Management), and shortening lines (or queues) at a bank, hospital, or a theme park. Industrial engineers typically use computer simulation, especially discrete event simulation, for system analysis and evaluation.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Universities
o 1.1 History
o 1.2 Postgraduate curriculum
o 1.3 Undergraduate curriculum
* 2 Salaries and workforce statistics
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 Further reading
[edit] Universities
US News and World Report's article on "America's Best Colleges 2009" lists schools offering Undergraduate engineering specialties in Industrial or Manufacturing whose highest degree is a doctorate as Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Michigan, Purdue University, Pennsylvania State University University Park, University of California at Berkeley, Southern Polytechnic State University, Stanford University, Virginia Tech, Texas A&M University, Lehigh University, Northwestern University,University of Arkansas, University of Florida, The Ohio State University, Texas Tech University, University of Houston and the University of Wisconsin-Madison.[1]
[edit] History
Industrial engineering courses had been taught by multiple universities in the late 1800s along Europe, especially in developed countries such as Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Spain[2]. In the United States, the first department of industrial engineering was established in 1908 as the Harold and Inge Marcus Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering. In India, the first department was established at the National Institute of Industrial Engineering, Mumbai.
The first doctoral degree in industrial engineering was awarded in the 1930s by Cornell University.
[edit] Postgraduate curriculum
The usual postgraduate degree earned is the Master of Science in Industrial Engineering/Industrial Engineering & Management/Industrial Engineering & Operations Research. The typical MS in IE/IE&M/IE & OR/Management Sciences curriculum includes :
* Operations research & Optimization techniques
* Engineering economics
* Supply chain management & Logistics
* Systems Simulation & Stochastic systems
* System Dynamics & Policy Planning
* System Analysis & Techniques
* Manufacturing systems/Manufacturing engineering
* Human factors engineering & Ergonomics
* Production planning and control
* Management Sciences
* Computer aided manufacturing
* Facilities design & Work space design
* Statistical process control or Quality control
* Time and motion study
* Operations management
* Corporate planning
* Productivity improvement
* Materials management
[edit] Undergraduate curriculum
In the United States, the usual undergraduate degree earned is the Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering (BSIE). The typical BSIE curriculum includes introductory chemistry, physics, economics, mathematics, statistics, properties of materials, intermediate coursework in mechanical engineering, computer science, sometimes electrical engineering, and additional specialized courses in management, systems theory, and computer science.
[edit] Salaries and workforce statistics
The total number of engineers employed in the U.S. in 2006 was roughly 1.5 million. Of these, 201,000 were industrial engineers (13.3%), the third most popular engineering specialty. The average starting salaries being $55,067 with a bachelor's degree, $64,759 with a master's degree, and $77,364 with a doctorate degree. This places industrial engineering at 7th of 15 among engineering bachelors degrees, 3rd of 10 among masters degrees, and 2nd of 7 among doctorate degrees in average annual salary.[3] The median annual income of industrial engineers in the U.S. workforce is $68,620.
Typically, within a few years after graduation, industrial engineers move to management positions because their work is closely related to management.
Read More..
The term "industrial" in industrial engineering can be misleading. While the term originally applied to manufacturing, it has grown to encompass virtually all other industries and services as well. The various topics of concern to industrial engineers include management science, financial engineering, engineering management, supply chain management, process engineering, operations research, systems engineering, ergonomics, value engineering and quality engineering.
Examples of where industrial engineering might be used include designing a new loan system for a bank, streamlining operation and emergency rooms in a hospital, distributing products worldwide (referred to as Supply Chain Management), and shortening lines (or queues) at a bank, hospital, or a theme park. Industrial engineers typically use computer simulation, especially discrete event simulation, for system analysis and evaluation.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Universities
o 1.1 History
o 1.2 Postgraduate curriculum
o 1.3 Undergraduate curriculum
* 2 Salaries and workforce statistics
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 Further reading
[edit] Universities
US News and World Report's article on "America's Best Colleges 2009" lists schools offering Undergraduate engineering specialties in Industrial or Manufacturing whose highest degree is a doctorate as Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Michigan, Purdue University, Pennsylvania State University University Park, University of California at Berkeley, Southern Polytechnic State University, Stanford University, Virginia Tech, Texas A&M University, Lehigh University, Northwestern University,University of Arkansas, University of Florida, The Ohio State University, Texas Tech University, University of Houston and the University of Wisconsin-Madison.[1]
[edit] History
Industrial engineering courses had been taught by multiple universities in the late 1800s along Europe, especially in developed countries such as Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Spain[2]. In the United States, the first department of industrial engineering was established in 1908 as the Harold and Inge Marcus Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering. In India, the first department was established at the National Institute of Industrial Engineering, Mumbai.
The first doctoral degree in industrial engineering was awarded in the 1930s by Cornell University.
[edit] Postgraduate curriculum
The usual postgraduate degree earned is the Master of Science in Industrial Engineering/Industrial Engineering & Management/Industrial Engineering & Operations Research. The typical MS in IE/IE&M/IE & OR/Management Sciences curriculum includes :
* Operations research & Optimization techniques
* Engineering economics
* Supply chain management & Logistics
* Systems Simulation & Stochastic systems
* System Dynamics & Policy Planning
* System Analysis & Techniques
* Manufacturing systems/Manufacturing engineering
* Human factors engineering & Ergonomics
* Production planning and control
* Management Sciences
* Computer aided manufacturing
* Facilities design & Work space design
* Statistical process control or Quality control
* Time and motion study
* Operations management
* Corporate planning
* Productivity improvement
* Materials management
[edit] Undergraduate curriculum
In the United States, the usual undergraduate degree earned is the Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering (BSIE). The typical BSIE curriculum includes introductory chemistry, physics, economics, mathematics, statistics, properties of materials, intermediate coursework in mechanical engineering, computer science, sometimes electrical engineering, and additional specialized courses in management, systems theory, and computer science.
[edit] Salaries and workforce statistics
The total number of engineers employed in the U.S. in 2006 was roughly 1.5 million. Of these, 201,000 were industrial engineers (13.3%), the third most popular engineering specialty. The average starting salaries being $55,067 with a bachelor's degree, $64,759 with a master's degree, and $77,364 with a doctorate degree. This places industrial engineering at 7th of 15 among engineering bachelors degrees, 3rd of 10 among masters degrees, and 2nd of 7 among doctorate degrees in average annual salary.[3] The median annual income of industrial engineers in the U.S. workforce is $68,620.
Typically, within a few years after graduation, industrial engineers move to management positions because their work is closely related to management.
Read More..
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